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=__Industrial Growth 186____5-1914__= []- this is our wordle = = This time period in American history, known as the "Gilded Age", is notable for several reasons. THe vast network of railroad created in the late 1800s brought jobs and industries to the counrty, stimulating the economy. This rapid economic growth created vast wealth amongst businessman and corporations. Inv entions and new technologies stimulated the economy and improved the quality of life in the middle-class. However,Industrial workers and farmers did not share in the new prosperity, working long hours in dangerous conditions for low pay. This led to labor reforms and strikes acroos the country.Most Americans during the Gilded Age wanted political and social reforms, but they disagreed strongly on what kind of reforms were necessary. This time period, from railraods to labor reforms (1865-1914) is known as the Guilded Age.

= I. Railroads Spur Industry =

A boom in railroad building encouraged american industry to grow but gave vast amounts of power to a few railroad owners.
//"I don't care half so much about making money as I do about making my point, and coming out ahead."// //William Henry Vanderbilt//


 * Creating a Network of Rails: **
 * 1) Railroads showed their importance during the Civil War by moving troops quickly and also moving supplies and raw materials to factories.
 * 2) However, these lines were only used locally due to the different gauges between Northern and southern tracks.

In 1886, southern railroads adopted the standard rail gauge of 4' 8.5", completing the process of standardizing the nation's rail system begun in the North several years earlier. A total of 13,000 miles of track was replaced to create the network. The gauge was a big problem because when you went from the North to the South you might have to take all of your stuff off of the railroad adn put it on a differnt rairoad because of the gauge. The standard gauge size of the United states, 4'.8.5", was this number because the country was buying many trains from Britan and that was gauge size of Britain. **Railroads Build the Economy** **Railroads Expands the Country** **Improving Safer Railroad Travel**
 * Standard Gauge- **
 * **The railroads was a big part of the rapid growth of industry after 1865. Having to build railroads creates thousands of jobs. Steelworkers turned iron into steel for tracks and engines, lumberjacks cut down forests to build railroads, and miners were in dusty mine shafts digging coal to fuel engines.**
 * **Once the gauge problem was settled you could go anywhere the railroad went in a much shorter time. The new formation of the networks around the world helped shippers ship their products around the world. Now goods could go from Chicago all the way to New York instead of being taken off many cars and switching them. As a result shippers had to only pay one fare for the whole distance. In 1900 there were more tracks in the United States than in Russia and Europe.**
 * **Many new inventions helped make the railroads better and safer. Earlier trains had its own brakes and its own break operator. Cars could stop at different times and cause very serious accidents. In 1869 George Westinghouse invented the air brake. This invention allowed a single person to stop all the railroad cars at once. This invention increased safety and allowed for longer, faster trains. Long distance travel was very uncomfortable until 1864. George Pullman designed a railroad sleep king car. Cars now had places for sleeping and restrooms. Rail lines also added dining cars. People like porters, conductors, and waiters attended to all the passengers.**

George Pullman(1831-1897) was, the designer of the Pullman Palace sleeping car. Born in New York, Pullman left school when he was fourteen to help support his family. He began experimenting with a sleeping car before the Civil War but his business did not experience much success until after the war.
 * Inventions to Spur Railraods- **
 * 1864 **- George Pullman designed a sleeping car for passengers.

Pullman moved his manufacturing plant from Detroit to Chicago in 1880. There, he built his own [|worker village](link to article about his utopina society), complete with homes, schools, churches and parks and paid his workers with credits which they in turn used later on to buy goods for themselves in pullmn's shops. He believed that his worker village with improved conditions would raise worker morale and generate better labor conditions, but this village was also designed to operate at a profit. Consequently, the rents and utility prices he charged his workers to live there tended to be higher than in surrounding areas. When Pullman reduced wages at his plant in 1894, he rejected worker requests that rent and utility bills also be reduced. Thus, the workers went on strike:

Pullman Riot: Workers employed at the Pullman Company, outside of Chicago, go on strike when the company's owner, George Pullman, refuses to reduce rents in the company housing to match announced wage cuts. This riot was stopped when President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to Pullman's village to enforce a court order prohibiting American Railway Union leadership from encouraging striking workers. Rioting in several other cities led to the deployment of over 14,000 state and federal troops to try and stop the strikes. Another railroad strike: [|The Great Railroad Strike of 1877]

**Consolidation:**
As railroads spread and became a major mode of transportation, larger companies began to buy their smaller counterparts. This process was called consolidation. The PA Railraod consolidated a total of 73 companies. **Vanderbilts** The Vanderbilt's became a railraod tycoon by the method of consolidating. They sometimes used shrewd business tactics to force samller owners to sell out. At the height of their tyconn, thy owned most of the lines bvetween Chicago and Buffalo totaling around 4,500 miles in track.

Biography: Cornelious Vanderbilt was the son of a poor farmer and earned his fortune in steamship lines.From there, he used his money to buy up railroad lines. He was a tough-minded bussinessman, and created a railroad empire worth millions. His son doubled the families fortune. William Henry Vanderbilt was the oldest son of Cornelious VAnderbilt. William was a frail youth and did not appear to be the entrepreneur his father had been at the age of 19. As a result Cornelius was dispointed that his son was seemingly worthless in helping him run the family's businesses.So, he sent his son to StatenIland to run one of the family's farms where William not only improved the farming operation but was able to make it profitable, and in profits Cornelius believed.The Vanderbilt organization b bankrupt Long Island Railroad and William was put in charge to reorganize it. From there, the Vanderbilts spread and bought out otgher railroad companies.

The Vanderbilts were so sucessful because they used ruthlerss tactics to buy out their competitiors and ignoring the protests of the public. For example, In 1860, the Vanderbilts wanted to buy the NY CEntral Rairoad, but they refused to sell. VAnderbilt then announced that all NYC passengers were not allowed to ride on his lines. With all their passengers stranded and their business dropping sharply, the NY Central Railroad owners gave in and sold their franchise to VAnderbilt. THis is how the VAnderbilts becmae so prosperous. The public protested the Vanderbilt monopoly but they ignored the protests. "THe public be damned" was the reply William had to his public protestors. The one key focus the VAnderbilts had was making money and doing so, they had to crush their competitors.

Rebates and Pools

 * 1) === Rebates ===
 * ===== Many times there was a big p roblem for small companies because big industries got huge rebates and did not have to pay nearly as much as the small companies. This ran small companies out of business because they could not ship their good because it was too expensive for them. =====
 * 1) === Poles ===
 * ===== Railroad owners realized that all of the competition was hurting even the largest lines. Then they started looking for ways to end competition. One method was a pool. The method of using a pool was to split of businesses in an area then they could raise the prices to whatever they wanted. =====

**Railroads Create Standard Time Zones:**
The times zones were a result of the railroad boom. There used to be hundreds of different local times across the nation. They would calculate the time by when it was noon the sun would be the highest above the town.There 27 time zones for Illinois, 23 in indiana, and 38 in Wisconsin. To make the train schedules easier, they established their own standard time. On November 18, 1883, all railroad clocks were set to a new standard. In 1918, Congress made the Standard Time Act, which was based on time zones in which railroads use. 

=‍How Did a Broad Network of Railroads Develope in the Years After the Civil War? = A broad network of railroads develope as the country tried to reuinte itself. In each area rail lines would have different gauges causing tracks to be short. Passengers would have to board many trains to get to one place. When the country standardized a gauge measurement, the country rail lines could be connected. This broadened the web of connected rail lines around the country. We also decided to build more. One thing that also stimulated developement were the time zones. Many times were different around the country. Five o'clock in one area may have been six in another. Many passengers would miss their train because of time differences.With the establishment of time zones, time periods became more clear to passengers. =‍What Tactics Did Railroad Owners Use to Eliminate Competition? = Many owners would pool. Pooling is divying up an area and confining each business to one area. Let's say there were five lanscaping businesses in New Castle County. We all would meet and divide up New Castle County. Each business would only be allowed to lanscape yards in their area. This way our prices could be as high as we wanted and we wouldn't have competition. Another tactic was price slashing. John D. Rockefeller was infamous for his price-slashing tactic. He would go into an area where a business was doing well. He then would make his prices lower than theirs. After running them out of business, he then would raise his prices incredibly, and costumers would have no choice but to pay. They also granted rebates to their larger costumers. This caused small businesses to go out of business. =‍How Did American Industry Benefit from the Widespread Railroad Building? = Building rail lines created thousands of jobs for Americans. Who was to make the steel? Who was to lay the track? Who was to operate the cars? Who was to chop down the wood for rail road ties? Who was to dig for coal? Who was to build trestles, carve tunnels through mountains, and build countless railroad stations? The variety of unemployed americans were to fill these jobs. The rail road companies also supplied America with new ways of business management. They split their companies into departments and had expert managers look over them. Last but not least, railroad building expanded settlement. With quicker and easier traveling, citizens lived more spread out and less compact.

‍Political Cartoons:





II. The Rise of Big Business

Overview: AS industry boomed, American businesses grew and developed new ways of organizing and limiting competition.

//"The average person puts only 25% of his energy and ability into his work. The world takes off its hat to those who put in more than 50% of their capacity, and stands on its head for those few and far between souls who devote 100%."// Andrew Carnegie  The Corporation and the Bankers Overview : When there was no railroads people had small buisnesses and only sold to people in their own town because it was to hard to ship goods to other plces, but when the railroad was implemented into everyday life big compainies were producing goods cheaper than small companies and railroads could ship these goods nationwide. Whe local goods were no longer as popular than the big copanies the local companies were closed. The Rise or Corporations Many big buisnesses became corporations. A corporation is a buisness that i owned by investors. A stockholder buys stocks or shares in the buisness from the corporation. The companies make money from selling stocks and the use the money to buy new machines and etc. The stockholders in return for their investments hope to receive dividends or shares of a corporation's profit. Stockholders face fewer ricks than the owner of a private business does. If i private business goes bankrupt the owner has to pay off all of the debts. By law; the stockholders cannot be held responsible for a corporations debts. The most powerful baker in the 1800s was J. Pierpont Morgan. Morgan does not only do banking he also used his knowledge to make banking profits to gain control of major corporations. During the hard times bankers like J.P. Morgan bought stock is companies that were struggling. As large stockholders they easily won seats on the board of directors. they then adopted that reduced competition and ensure big profits. Between 1894 and 1898, Morgan gained control of most of the nation's major rail lines. Then he began to buy steel companies including Carnagie Steel, and to merge them into a single larger portion. In 1901, Morgan had become head of the US Steel Company. He had the fist company that was worth more than 1 Billion.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'times new roman'; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"> = **Andrew Carnegie** = Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was a Gilded Age industrialist, the owner of the Carnegie Steel Company, and a major philanthropist (one who gives back to the community). Unlike many of his wealthy counterparts, like Rockefeller and Vanderbilt, Carnegie rose from poverty to become one of the wealthiest businessman in the world. A Scottish immigrant, Carnegie came to the United States with his impoverished parents at the age of thirteen. He worked as a bobbin boy (earning $1.20 a week) and as a telegraph messenger before being hired by Thomas Scott, who appointed him the telegrapher with the Pennsylvania Railroad at the age of eighteen. At the end of the Civil War, Carnegie had an administrative position with the railroad and learned by watching other's exampole, how to invest his saving

s. Carnegie entered the iron industry, and recognizing that steel rails would soon replace iron rails when he visited Henry Bessemer's steel plant in England, and noted the demand in Britain for steel rails, he returned to America intent on investing in the steel business. Carnegie used the Bessemer blast furnace and other brand new technologies, to expand his steel company. His used his trademark tactic "vertical integration" (control over every aspect of the industry from the mining of iron ore through the production and distribution of steel) to increase his control over the steel industry and the capital needed to run it. By the turn of the century, Carnegie Steel was the largest steel company in America. However, Andrew Carnegie sold his company and then retired to Scotland with his wealth and donated money to various cahrities and organizations consistent on his beliefs stated in [|"The Gospel of Wealth."]

**Bessemer Process:** First cheap method of making steel, invented by Henry Bessemer in England in 1856. In the Bessemer process compressed air is blown into the bottom of a converter, a furnace shaped like a cement mixer, containing molten iron. The excess carbon in the iron burns out, other impurities form a slag, and the furnace is emptied by tilting. Thus, producing steel.

= = = = = = = = = = = = = Standard Oil Trust- John D. RocKefeller =

[[image:novak802/USArockefeller.jpg align="right"]]
====<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">John D. Rockefeller <span style="background-color: #fbfbee; color: #800080; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-align: left;"> Rockefeller was the found of the Standard Oil Trust. He used ruthless business tactics to run businesses out of business. For example he would bring in his oil company to a small town and cut his opponents prices in half and run the small family companies out of business. This made the small family businesses either be sold to Rockefeller or just be out of business. Rockefeller thought that competition was useless so he eliminated all competition in his product. Almost all the the oil companies in the United States joined a trust which is when a group of corporations are all run by the same board of directors. Rockefeller started his company by only refining oil because he knew it had little value until it was refines, or purified, to make kerosene. Kerosene was used to generate power for lamps and stores. So before Rockefeller even started thinking about drilling for oil he built a refinery. Then he used profits from his refinery to buy ip other refineries then combines the companies into the Standard Oil Company is incorporated in of Ohio. Then in 1882 Rockefeller has been active in the oil business since 1863. formed the Standard Oil was first formed as a partnership in 1863 trust. Stockholders in dozens of smaller oil companies turned over their stocks to Standard Oil. They got stock in the newly created trust in return. Headed by Rockefeller the board of Standard Oil that had been rivals know are all managed by him. This started a monopoly in the oil industry. A monopoly is when one company controls almost all of the business in one industry. This company owned about 95 percent of the oil industry. Other businesses followed his sled to build monopolies. By the 1890s, monopolies and trusts controlled some of the nation's most important businesses. [|Biography] - this is a good website to see the bio of John D. Rockefeller! ====

= = = = = = =  = = = =  = = =

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =Downfall of Monopolies and Trusts.=

Some Americans believed that some rich businesses were becoming too rich and powerful and abusing the free enterprise system. Free enterpriae system is when businesses are owned by private citizens who decide what products are made, how much of a product is produced, where to sell those products, and what prices to charge. Competition happens when companies compete to make the better product.

These large-scale industries were also under scrutiny because they held political inffluence over the government. Millionares were using their wealth to bibe political officials and also using their power to sway voting. They did this by advertising one candidate and also not allowing any candidates that would shut down their industries by not allowing them to ride ont heir railraods.
 * The Case Against Trusts: ** The American people argued that trusts and monopolies got rid of competition all together. Withought competition, companies could sky rocket their prices and not worry about the quality of the products they were making. The small companies that tried to resist the monopolies had no chance because of the power the oil and steel industries had.

Ida Manerva Tarbell was born in Penssylvania and became a newspaper journalist and editor for McCure's magazine. She is best known for exsposing corporate america and the monopolies nad trusts during their time. She is known as a "muckracker" for her work in publishing a work on trusts and monolpolies called, The History of the Standard Oil Company, in 1904. In this work she exposees Rockefeller's deceitful and mmoral tactics. The exposee eventuallt took John D. ockefeler ro curt and led to te break-up of the Standard Oil Company.
 * Ida Tarbell: **

**The Case For Trusts:** somepeople, hweverr, supported the large companies and busniesses. Andrew Carnegie wrote articles about how too much competition hurt businesses and laid off workers. Defenders argued that large businesses lower production costs, lower prices, higher wages, and better quality of life for the American people. At the turn of the 19th century, Americans had the highest standard of living in the world.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act: From pressure, by the critics, the government began to control the giant corporations.Cogress passed the sherman anti trust act in 1890, banning any formation of trusts and monopolies. However, wven though this law was passed some industries were able to bypass the law.

[] = = = = = Why did the steel industry grow so quickly after the Civil War? = After the Civil War, the country needed to be reunited. Tracks were short, and when your destination was reached you would have to board another train on a new line. The tracks had different gauges in different areas. Once Northern and Southern gauges were standardized, more tracks had to be redone and more were to be layed. This increased the demand for steel. = = = How did the corporations and banking help the U.S. economy expand? = Corporations were businesses that were owned by investors. A corporation would sell stock, shares in the business, to investors or stockholders. Stockholders would hope to get dividends or shares of a corporation's profit. The stockholding business helped americans earn money. This improved our economy by putting money in the "small" people's pockets. Bankers like J. Pierpont Morgan (J.P. Morgan Co.) would invest in stock with businesses in trouble. Stock would be cheap then. When the stock rose again the dividends would be surplus for the bankers. = = = How did John D. Rockefeller monopolize the oil industry? = John would go into an area where another oil company was dominant. He would then lower his prices so that it appeared his was of better value. Once the dominant oil company ran out of business, he would then raise his prices even higher than the old business had theirs. The citizens would be forced to pay his price. = What arguments did supporters and opponents of trusts each use? = Andrew Carnegie argued that too much competition ruined businesses. __In Wealth and Its Uses__, he said that the large companies were "the bees that make the most money." Therefore, why would we destroy them? Some defenders also argued that it brought lower production costs, lower prices, higher wages, and a better quality of life for Americans. They argued that by the 1900s, Americans were enjoying the highest standard of living.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'lucida sans unicode','lucida grande',helvetica,arial,verdana,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> III. Inventions Change the Nation Overview: New technologies transformed American Industry and life in the late 1800s. //I never perfected an invention that I did not think about in terms of the service it might give others... I find out what the world needs, then I proceed to invent...."// //Thomas Edison//

Creation of the patent
In 1897 nearly 60 patents were granted every day( Patents are licenses for new inventions.) Between 1870 and 1900 a meager 500,000 patents were granted. Invention swept the nation in the year 1897 and revolutionized the country. The US became a land of invention

Communications: Communication was vital for the growth in American industry. New inventoins sped up commmunications in the country and also the world. Thanks to the telegraph messages could be sent long distances. But there was problem sending messages over the Atlantic ocneas to Europe. before the translatic teleraph, news was snet over by ships to and from the states to Europe. Americans still needed a way to communicate faster. This is where Alexander Graham Bell came into play....
 * Telegraph- Was in use since 1844, helped people around the nation saty in touch.Telegraphs enabled long distance transmission of meassages from signaling technologies. These mesages are in morse code and have to be translated by the reader.Samuel Morse was credited as the creator of the telegraph.
 * __ The Transatlantic Telegraph __ - Cyrus Field had the idea of laying a large, transatlantic telegraph cable underneath the ocean floor, so we could connect with Europe. Each time the cable was laid, it snapped. After six failed attempts, Cyrus was finally successful at laying the cable. The successful cable was layed by the ship named //The Great Eastern.// Although this invention was a landmark in history,
 * __Bell's "Talking Machine"__- Inventors had been searching for a way to transmit voices over distance. Alexander Graham Bell was a teacher of the death, who was born in Edinburgh, Scottland in 1847. He moved to Canada in the 1870s, and shortly after, he moved to Boston. Bell had been working on his invention since 1865. In march of 1876, Bell had his assistant sit in another room as he spoke into the machine. His assistant faintly heard his words and excitedly came running. Bell offered The Western Union Telegraph Company $100,000 for his telephone. They mistakingly declined the offer. In 1877, he then formed the Bell Telephone Company. By 1885, he had sold over 300,000 phones. Businesses were the biggest costumers. telephone sped up the rate of business in America.

__ The Wizard of Menlo Park __ - Thomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors ever living. In 1876, he started out by opening a research lab in Menlo PAr, NJ. There, Edison boasted he made a minor invention every 10 days and a big thing every siz months or so. His success relied on the fact Ediosn turned invention into a system.Edison came up with and drew complicaed sketches of his inventions and his group of intellignet experts built them. He invented the light bulb, the phonograph, and many other devices. Edison was able to invented a machine for capturing movies called a motion picture projector which launched the movie industry. Edison was also able to provide power to cities with the invention of the electric power plant. With a flip of a switch, Edison was abl to set a district in NY humming with electricity. From Edison, the modern age of electricity had begun.

Refrigertaion: Gustavus Swift invented a railraod refrigeration car that allowed meat to not spoil. thus, Swift established a meat packing industry in Chiacago where beef was transported from the cattle trails in the west.THis invention revolutionized the American diet by sneding fresh packed meat all across the nation.

"Junglr" However, the meat packing industry was under scrutiny when Upton Sinclair published a book called "The Jungle," filled with page after page of nauseating detail he had researched about the meat-packing industry, and published it to an astonished nation in 1906. this caused major reforms in the meat packing-industry. Even President Roosevalt read the novel and forced Congress to pass a law establishing The FDR- Food and Drug Administration. Sincalir was then on known as a "muckracker" just like Ida Tarbell.

**Transportation:**
With new inventions, transportation was revolutionized with the automobile and the airplane. These two inventions created new pathways n industry and benefted American economy just as the railroad had done a few years before.

Ford:
Noone is credited with inventing the automobile but one of the main industrialists of them was Henry Ford. Henry Ford established his businnes, Ford Motors in 1913, and began quickly building and selling automobiles. He invented the moving assembly line- a method of production where workers would stsay in one place as parts of the automobile would edge along on the moving belt. At a Ford factory, one group of workers would bolt in the seats of a car and the nex group would place on the roof and so on.. This assmebly line reduced the time it took to build a car and allowed for faster production. This proccess of building automobiles quickly was called mass production. Because of these methods, Ford built cars easily and cheaply which madde Ford become very prosperous and succesful.

Cars in the Public:
Cars were known in the beginnning as the horseless carriage or called a nuisance by walkers or buggy riders. Many thought the automobile was dangerous for it could scare off a horse. People even had to advertise weeks before they would drive. It took a while for cars to catch on. Cars became a freedom for both men woman because they purchased those cars and could then travel where they pleased.

= How Did The Transatlantic Cable And The Telephone Speed Up Communication? = The telegraph cable sped up communication between continents. Messages were "swift as lightening" in Field's opinion. Messages between two continents before (Europe and America) were sent by ship only and took weeks, possibly months, to reach receivers. The cable changed Americans' views on the future potential of communication. The telephone revolutionized America. Over 90% of Americans have cell phones in our year. We not only make calls but send messages instantly. The phone made by Bell was mostly used for businesses. They weren't portable or pocket-sized. They were stationary. The telephone sped communications within the country up to a great speed. Families could spread further and still keep touch. = How Did The Auto And The Airplane Change American Life? = When history is reviewed, one of the biggest revolutionary periods recognized is 1865-1914. One major evolution was that of transportation. Vehicles had been around. Europe had made motorized vehicles since the 1860s. By 1890, France was the leading automobile manufacturer. Only the very wealthy could afford them. Henry Ford was the first to make the automobile apart of everyday American life. First, people considered the car dangerous. Once people caught on, the freedom of the car was mesmorizing. It increased the Independence in women, when they were admitted the right to drive. Once again, it helped spread Americans out. Not only rail lines were helping to make living further away from desired areas possible. Cars were too. Flying had always been that of a fantasy, thought impossible to achieve. The Wright brothers changed American thought on possible. If you ever think about infinity, it gives you a headache. That's because it is a thought so abstract to us. The thought of flying centuries before then, was like thinking we would be able to fly. Even though the task defeated was fascinating, there was no use present to Americans. Unlike today, long travel wasn't very common. The military first found use for it. Changing advantages in the way we fought. Already having an advanced military, we were now 5 steps ahead of the game.
 * = Inventor = || = Date = || = Invention = ||
 * [|Elisha Otis] || 1852 || [|passenger elevator brake] ||
 * [|George Pullman] || 1864 || [|sleeping car] ||
 * [|George Westinghouse] || 1869 || [|air brake] ||
 * [|Elijah McCoy] || 1872 || [|automatic engine-oiling machine] ||
 * [|Andrew S. Hallidie] || 1873 || [|cable streetcar] ||
 * [|Stephen Dudley Field] || 1874 || [|electric streetcar] ||
 * [|Alexander Graham Bell] || 1876 || [|telephone] ||
 * [|Thomas Alva Edison] || 1877 || [|phonograph] ||
 * [|Anna Baldwin] || 1878 || [|milking machine] ||
 * [|Thomas Alva Edison] || 1879 || [|first practical incandescent light bulb] ||
 * [|James Ritty] || 1879 || [|cash register] ||
 * [|Jan E. Matzeliger] || 1883 || [|shoemaking machine] ||
 * [|Lewis E. Waterman] || 1884 || [|fountain pen] ||
 * [|Granville T. Woods] || 1887 || [|automatic air brake] ||
 * [|Charles and J. Frank Duryea] || 1893 || [|gasoline-powered car] ||
 * [|King C. Gillette] || 1895 || [|safety razor with throwaway blades] ||
 * [|John Thurman] || 1899 || [|motor-driven vacuum cleaner] ||
 * [|Leo H. Baekeland] || 1909 || [|improved plastic] ||

W right Brothers
 * These two men had very good ideas about a new method of transportation. Everyone thought there was no way that this could be done, but the did it. These two brothers owned a bike shop in Dayton, Ohio. They were reading about the Europeans experimenting with glider planes. After hundreds of designs, the Wright brothers test their first machine on December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The plane was powered by a small gas engines, it stayed up in the air for 12 seconds and flew a distance of 120 feet. He tried three times that day on his longest ride lasted 59 seconds. Improvements happened quickly after the first flight. By 1905 they had make a plane that could turn and remain in the air for a half an hour. The military was the first to have a interest in the planes because they could fly over battlefields to locate their enemies positions. Thy made am airplane that could reach an amazing 40 mph. In time the airplane the airplane would achieve its cast potential. It changed the whorl by making travel easier and trade easier.

IV. The Rise of Organized Labor
Overview:As workers lost power over their working conditions they began to organize into unions and fight for better conditions. " A girl and I,...were on the eight floor, and when I ran for the elevator shaft my girl friend started for the window on the Washington Street side. I looked around to call her but she had gone." -The New York Times, March 26, 1911

Relationships Changing
 * In the beginning, when they were not big businesses, the owner and their workers had very good relationships. Most businesses were small and family run. The owner and the workers talk and socialized. After the Industrial Boom and the factory grew, their relationships changed. They now did not talk to the owner, and they both went about their own business. Workers labored all day, tending machines in large, crowded, and noisy rooms. Their skills could easily be replaced, so workers were payed low wages. Sweatshops, workplaces where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay, were common.

Child Labor: In 1900, 2 million children under the age of 15 were working throughout the country. They worked in dangerous textile mills, tobacco factories, and garment sweatshops. They even worked in coal mines picking out stones of coal. Because children were not in school, lack of education became common.

Workng Conditions: Factories were filled with hazardous materials and machines. Dusty air could cause lung damage in textile mills and cave-ins and explosions were common in mines. in steel mills, molten lava could spill with no warnings. Workers health could be destroyed because of these horrible working conditions

Organized Labor: Because of low pay, long working hours, and harsh working conditions, sttrikes became common. Also, workers joned unions where they banded together to try and win better working conditions.

Knights of Labor : This was a union founded by Terrence Powderly who organized meetings to gain public support. The Knights of Labor did not support violent strikes. Thus, they became popular.

Haymarket Square - The Knights of Labor ran into trouble when riots in Haymarket Square turned violent. McCormick Harvester went. Workers on strikes fought strikebreaks "scabs" who had taken their jobs. Police were called, and they fired into the crowds killing 4 workers. Thousands of workers protested the killing, and a bomb exploded killing 7 police officers. The scandal was blamed on anarchists or people who did not want a government. The anarchists were believed to be in association with the Knights of Labor, and so its polpularity dropped sharply.AFL (American Federation of Labor): The labor movement continued to grow. Samuel gompers founded a new union called the American Federation of Labor. The AFL quickly became popular, when workers joined seperate trade unions that then merged with the AFL. The AFL stressed paractical goals. This gave the AFL popularity, and it became one of the most powerful labor unions in the country.
 * 1) Higher Wages
 * 2) Shorter Hours
 * 3) Improved Working Conditions

Triangle Fire >
 * The triangle fire was scary but very important for people. It was scary because about 150, mostly young women, lost their lives in the Triangle Fire. This was also very important because after the government found out how bad the working conditions were for workers New York and other states approved new safety laws to help protect factory workers. When the workday had just ended for the people working in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in a New York sweatshop a fire broke out . Within minutes the upper stories were ablaze. Hundreds of workers raced to the exit to get out, but the company had locked all of the workers inside the building because they thought someone had been stealing fabrics. In panic people even jumped out the windows. The fire trucks got there within minutes but the ladders were not long enough to reach the upper levels. This resulted in better working environments. [[image:http://aphdigital.org/GVH/archive/files/triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire_29834b8bc5.jpg width="251" height="360" align="right" caption="political cartoons of the triangle fire"]]